mvsd
Math Curriculum 01/12/03

Mathematics - PreAlgebra

Mathematics

The Idaho State Achievement Standards for Mathematics provides skills for kindergarten through twelfth grade.

PreAlgebra

The Idaho State Achievement Standards for Mathematics provides skills for eighth grade. The Idaho State Achievement Standards for Mathematics lists learning goals for students in grades 9-12.


Algebraic Concepts
The Algebraic Concepts Unit includes Competencies/Objectives which focus on algebraic equations and operations. This unit includes studying number systems, operations, and forms. Students explore the symbolic nature of algebraic concepts by identifying and extending patterns in algebra, by following algebraic procedures, and by proving theorems with properties.

    Equations/Inequalities: Solve
The learner will be able to obtain solutions to equations and inequalities.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Equality/Inequality Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.03
  
    Expressions: Evaluate
The learner will be able to evaluate algebraic expressions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Expressions Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.02
  
    Rates: Derived Measures/Use
The learner will be able to apply concepts of rates and other derived or indirect measurements.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Rates Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 349.02.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 349.02; 339.02; ISAT
  
    Algebraic Concepts: Symbolism/Apply
The learner will be able to apply algebraic symbolism as a tool to represent mathematical relationships.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Algebraic Concepts Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 350.01.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.01; 340.01; ISAT
  
    *Exponents: Understand/Characteristics
The learner will be able to understand and use exponents.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Exponents Comprehension Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 337.02.d; ID: Direct Mathematics Assessment, 1999, Grade 8, Tested Week 14.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 347.01.c; ISAT
  
    Properties: Comprehend/Apply
The learner will be able to comprehend and apply the distributive, associative, commutative, inverse, identity, and substitution property to evaluate algebraic expressions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Properties Comprehension Master 4.2 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.02.a
  
    Equations: Understand/Use
The learner will be able to understand and use equations.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Equations Comprehension Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.01.a.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.01.a
  
    Equations: Translate
The learner will be able to translate elementary word statements and story problems into algebraic equations.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Equations Analysis Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.01.b; ISAT
  
    Inequalities: Comprehend/Apply
The learner will be able to comprehend and apply inequalities.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Inequalities Comprehension Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.01.a.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.01.a; ISAT
  
    Absolute Value: Read/Write/Order/Compare
The learner will be able to read, write, order, and compare absolute values.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Absolute Value Knowledge Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 337.01.a; ISAT
  
    Expressions: Translate
The learner will be able to translate elementary word statements and story problems into algebraic expressions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Expressions Application Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.01.b; ISAT
  
    Inverse Operations: Equation/Inequality
The learner will be able to use inverse operations to solve one- and two-step equations and inequalities.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Inverse Operations Application Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.03.a; ISAT
  
    Computation: Choose/Apply
The learner will be able to choose and apply an appropriate strategy for computation from mental math, paper and pencil, calculator, or a combination of the three.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Computation Application Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 337.02.e
  
    Order of Operations: Evaluate/Expression
The learner will be able to apply the order of operations to evaluate numerical expressions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Order of Operations Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 347.02.a; 337.02.c; ISAT
  
    Order of Operations: Evaluate/Expression
The learner will be able to apply the order of operations to evaluate algebraic expressions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Order of Operations Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.02.c; ISAT
  
    Equations: Various Formats/Represent
The learner will be able to represent a set of data in a table, graph, and as a mathematical relationship.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Equations Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 353.02.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 343.02.a; 353.02; ISAT
  
    Linear Equations: Explore/Representation
The learner will be able to explore graphical representations to illustrate basic linear equations.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Linear Equations Analysis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 350.03.a; 340.03.b; ISAT
  
    Expressions: Apply Concept
The learner will be able to understand and use variables, expressions, equations and inequalities.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Expressions Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 350.01.a.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.01.a; 340.01.a; ISAT
  
    Expressions: Evaluate
The learner will be able to evaluate and simplify algebraic expressions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Expressions Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 350.02.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.02; 340.02.c; ISAT
  
    Variable/Expression/Equation
The learner will be able to understand and use variables in expressions, equations, and inequalities.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Variable Comprehension Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 350.01.a.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.01.a; 340.01.a; ISAT
  
    Addition: Identify/Describe/Use/Property
The learner will be able to identify, describe, and use properties of addition.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Operations: Addition Application Master Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 337.02.a; ISAT
  
    Expressions: Translate/Equations
The learner will be able to translate words into basic numerical and algebraic expressions and equations, and translate expressions and equations into words.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Expressions Analysis Master Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 340.01.b; ISAT
  
    Formulas: Problem Solving
The learner will be able to use a variety of strategies including common mathematical formulas to compute problems drawn from real world situations.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Formulas Application Master 1.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.01.a; ISAT
  
    Formulas: Substitute
The learner will be able to substitute values in a formula with and without regrouping symbols.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Formulas Application Master 1.0 Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.01.b; ISAT
  
    Inequalities: Graph/Simple/Compound
The learner will be able to graph simple and compound inequalities on a number line.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Inequalities Application Master 1.0 Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.04.a; ISAT
  
    Linear Equation/Inequality: Solve/System
The learner will be able to obtain solutions to simple linear systems of equations or inequalities.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Linear Equations/Inequalities Application Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 340.03.b; ISAT
  
    Expressions: Procedures/Apply
The learner will be able to apply procedures for operating on algebraic expressions, commutative, associative, identity, zero, inverse, distributive, substitution, multiplication over addition.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Expressions Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.02.a; 340.02.a; ISAT
  
    Linear Inequalities: Comprehend/Methods
The learner will be able to comprehend suitable methods to solve linear inequalities.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Linear Inequalities Comprehension Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 350.03.a; 340.03.a; ISAT
  

Data Analysis/Probability/Statistics

    Statistics: Apply
The learner will be able to use suitable statistical measures.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Statistics Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.03
  
    Data Analysis: Gather/Organize/Display
The learner will be able to gather, organize, and display data.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Data Analysis Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.02
  
    Data Analysis: Understanding
The learner will be able to understand data analysis.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Data Analysis Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.01
  
    Data Analysis: Predictions/Decisions
The learner will be able to make predictions and decisions bases on data.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Data Analysis Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.05
  
    *Data Collection: Organize
The learner will be able to collect, organize, and display data with appropriate notation.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Data Collection and Classification Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.02, 342.02.a; 352.02; ID: Direct Mathematics Assessment, 1999, Grade 8, Tested Week 14.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 352.02, 352.02.a; ISAT
  
    Probability: Comprehend/Concept
The learner will be able to comprehend the basic concept of probability.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Probability Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.04; ID: Direct Mathematics Assessment, 1999, Grade 8, Tested Week 14.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 352.04
  
    Probability: Modeling
The learner will be able to model situations involving probability using simulations.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Probability Application Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.04.a
  
    Statistical Experiments: Perform
The learner will be able to perform statistical experiments and interpret results using tables, charts, or graphs.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Statistics Application Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.05.c
  
    Frequency: Investigate
The learner will be able to investigate the significance of range, frequency, and informal distribution.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Frequency Analysis Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.03.b
  
    Data: Table/Represent
The learner will be able to use a table and/or graph to represent a mathematical group of data.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Data Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 343.02.a;353.02.a.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 353.02.a; ISAT
  
    Data: Decisions/Make
The learner will be able to make predictions and decisions based upon data.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Data Analysis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.01.c, 342.05;352.05.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 352.05; ISAT
  
    Predictions: Theoretical
The learner will be able to predict probability results of simple events using theoretical probability.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Predictions Analysis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.05.a; ISAT
  
    Predictions: Probability Experiments
The learner will be able to formulate predictions from probability and compound probability experiments.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Predictions Analysis Master 1.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.05.a; ISAT
  
    Communicating: Use/Vocabulary
The learner will be able to use probability vocabulary.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Communicating Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.04.b; ISAT
  
    Central Tendency: Select
The learner will be able to select the appropriate measure of central tendency from the mean, median, and mode for a given set of data.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Measures of Central Tendency Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.03.a
  
    Outcomes: Recognize/Equally Likely
The learner will be able to recognize equally likely events.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Outcomes Knowledge Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.04.c; ISAT
  
    Analyzing Graphs: Conclusions
The learner will be able to describe and justify conclusions made from tables, charts, and graphs.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Analyzing/Evaluating Graphical Forms Analysis Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.01.b; ISAT
  
    Charts: Analyze
The learner will be able to analyze and interpret charts.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Tables/Charts Analysis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8,3 42.01.a; ISAT
  
    Tables: Analyze
The learner will be able to analyze and interpret information presented in tables.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Tables/Charts Analysis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.01.a; ID: Direct Mathematics Assessment, 1999, Grade 8, Tested Week 14; ISAT
  
    Graphs: Interpret
The learner will be able to analyze and interpret information presented in graphs (scatter plots, line, bar, and pie).
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Graphing Analysis Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 342.01.a; 352.01.a.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 352.01.a; ISAT
  

Decimals

    Decimals: Understand/Apply
The learner will be able to conceptually understand and apply decimals.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Decimals Comprehension Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 347.01.a; 337.01.a
  

Fractions

    Fractions: Understand/Apply
The learner will be able to understand and apply fractions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Fractions Comprehension Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 347.01.a; 337.01.a ISAT
  

Functions
The Functions Unit includes exploring polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, and circular functions.

    Problem Solving: Apply/Functions
The learner will be able to apply functions to various types of problems.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Problem Solving Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 343.03;353.03.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 353.03
  
    Functions: Comprehend/Concept
The learner will be able to comprehend the concept of a function.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Functions Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 343.01;353.01.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 353.01
  
    Functions: Linear/Equations/Inequalities
The learner will be able to create equations and/or inequalities that are based on linear functions, apply many different methods of solution, and/or study the solutions in the context of the situation.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Functions Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 343.02
  
    Functional Relationships: Change
The learner will be able to apply a comprehension of functional relationships to describe how a change in one quantity results in a change in another.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Functional Relationships Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 343.01.b; ID: Direct Mathematics Assessment, 1999, Grade 8, Tested Week 14; ISAT
  
    Representations: Variety
The learner will be able to represent functions in various ways.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Representations of Functions Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 343.02;353.02.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 353.02; ISAT
  

Geometry
The Geometry Unit includes Competencies/Objectives which focus on exploring geometric concepts from multiple perspectives. The Geometry Unit includes properties and construction of figures, proofs and theorems, history of geometry, transformations, logic, and problem solving.

    Figures: One-Dimensional Objects
The learner will be able to precisely explain, classify, and comprehend relationships among types of one-dimensional objects by applying their defining properties.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Figures: Two-/Three-Dimensional Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.a
  
    Figures: Two-/Three-Dimensional Objects
The learner will be able to precisely explain, classify, and comprehend relationships among types of two- and three-dimensional objects by applying their defining properties.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Figures: Two-/Three-Dimensional Comprehension Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.a; ID: Direct Mathematics Assessment, 1999, Grade 8, Tested Week 14; ISAT
  
    Transformation: Explore
The learner will be able to explore the results of transformations of geometric shapes, to include slides, flips and turns.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Transformations Analysis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.g
  
    Transformations: Model/Effects
The learner will be able to model the effects of reflections, translations, and rotations on a variety of geometric shapes.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Transformations Synthesis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.g
  
    Symmetry: Use/Property
The learner will be able to recognize and apply congruence, similarities and symmetry in figures.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Symmetry Application Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.d; ISAT
  
    Spatial Relationships: Concept/Use
The learner will be able to use the concept of spatial relationship with one-two and three dimensional objects.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Spatial Relationships Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 351.01; ISAT
  
    Right Triangles: Use/Geometry
The learner will be able to use the geometry of right triangles and investigate and apply in problem solving scenarios the Pythagorean theorem.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Right Triangles Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.02.a; 351.02.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 351.02; ISAT
  
    Acute/Right/Obtuse Angles: Classify
The learner will be able to classify angles as being acute, obtuse, or right.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Acute/Right/Obtuse Angles Analysis Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.c; ID: Direct Mathematics Assessment, 1999, Grade 8, Tested Week 14; ISAT
  
    Congruence: Identify
The learner will be able to recognize congruent figures that are created through the translation and/or reflection of geometric figures.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Congruence Knowledge Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 341.01.d; ISAT
  
    Congruence: Recognize/Rotation
The learner will be able to recognize congruent shapes that are created through the rotation of geometric figures.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Congruence Knowledge Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 341.01.g; ISAT
  
    Triangles: Classify
The learner will be able to classify triangles by the lengths of their sides as scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Triangles Analysis Master 1.0 Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.a; ISAT
  
    Triangles: Problem Solving/Sum of Angles
The learner will be able to apply the property that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees in order to obtain problem solutions.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Triangles Application Master 1.0 Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.c: ISAT
  
    Triangles: Sorting
The learner will be able to classify triangles by their angle measures (acute, obtuse, or right).
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Triangles Analysis Master 0.5 Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 341.01.a; ISAT
  
    Figures: Use/Shape
The learner will be able to understand and apply fundamental concepts, properties, and relationships among points, lines, planes, angles, and shapes.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Figures Application Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 351.01; 341.01.cISAT
  
    Figures: Use/Size
The learner will be able to use the concept of size in relation to perimeter, area, and relation.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Figures Application Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 341.01.e.f; ISAT
  
    Reasoning: Problems/Identify
The learner will be able to identify problems and express them mathematically by applying reasoning skills.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Reasoning Synthesis Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 348.02; 338.02.aISAT
  
    Similarity: Transformations/Comprehend
The learner will be able to comprehend similarity as it applies to transformations.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Similarity Comprehension Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 341.01.g
  

Integers
The Integers Unit includes Competencies/Objectives which focus on number sense and operations with integers. This unit includes comparing integers, performing operations with integers, converting integers to other number forms, using manipulatives to demonstrate integers, and solving problems with integers in real-world contexts.

    Integers: Write/Read
The learner will be able to read and write integers.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Integers Knowledge Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 337.01.a; ISAT
  
    Integers: Order/Compare
The learner will be able to order and compare integers.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Integers Analysis Master 0.5 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 337.01.a; ISAT
  

Mathematics Processes
The Mathematics Processes Unit focuses on mathematical connections, communication, modeling, concepts and procedures.

    Mathematical Connections: Solve
The learner will be able to obtain problem solutions, reason, and estimate throughout mathematics.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Connections Master Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.01.c; ISAT
  
    Math Concepts: Identify
The learner will be able to recognize concrete and/or symbolic illustrations of vertical, supplementary, complementary, and straight angles, parallel and perpendicular lines, transversals, and/or special quadrilaterals, and apply them to obtain solutions to problems.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Mathematical Concepts Master Source: ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.01.a; ISAT
  
    Modeling: Problem Solving
The learner will be able to use appropriate models to obtain problem solutions including computer applications.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Mathematical Modeling Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.03;348.03.; ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 348.03; ISAT
  
    Mathematical Reasoning: Explain
The learner will be able to apply many different methods to describe mathematical reasoning such as words, numbers, symbols, graphical forms, charts, tables, diagrams, and/or models.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Reasoning Master ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.02.a; ISAT, 338.04.a
  
    Math Concepts: Choose/Models
The learner will be able to choose appropriate models to represent math concepts.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Mathematical Concepts Application Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.03.c
  
    Relationships: Describe/Mathematical
The learner will be able to describe relationships involving mathematical concepts.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Relationships Comprehension Master 1.0 ID: State Achievement Standards, 2001, Grade 8, 338.02.a
  
    Communication: Results/Apply Terminology
The learner will be able to communicate results applying suitable terminology and methods.
Strand Bloom's Scope Hours Source
Communication Comprehension Master 1